PHILOSOPHY OF THE MIDDLE AGES
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INTRODUCTION 1
1. The Idea of Christianity 1
2. The Fathers and Heterodoxies 10
3. Church and State 23
SECTION ONE
ARABIAN PHILOSOPHY 26
A. The Philosophy of the Medabberim 30
B. Commentators of Aristotle 34
C. Jewish Philosophers: Moses Maimonides 35
SECTION TWO
THE SCHOLASTIC PHILOSOPHY 37
A. Relationship of the Scholastic Philosophy to Christianity 45
B. General Historical Points of View 60
1. The Building up of Dogmas on Metaphysical Grounds 61 a. Anselm 61 b. Abelard 67
2. Methodical Representation of the Doctrinal System of the Church 68 a. Peter Lombard 69 b. Thomas Aquinas 71 c. John Duns Scotus 72
3. Acquaintanceship with Aristotelian Writings 73 a. Alexander of Hales 73 b. Albertus Magnus 75
4. Opposition between Realism and Nominalism 77 a. Roscelinus 78 b. Walter of Mortagne 80 c. William Occam 82 d. Buridan 85
5. Formal Dialectic 86 a. Julian, Archbishop of Toledo 87 b. Paschasius Radbertus 88
6. Mystics 91 a. John Charlier 91 b. Raymundus of Sabunde 91 c. Roger Bacon 92 d. Raymundus Lullus 92
C. General Standpoint of the Scholastics 94
SECTION THREE
REVIVAL OF THE SCIENCES 108
A. Study of the Ancients 109
1. Pomponatius 111
2. Bessarion, Ficinus, Picus 112
3. Gassendi, Lipsius, Reuchlin, Helmont 112
4. Ciceronian Popular Philosophy 113
B. Certain Attempts in Philosophy 115
1. Cardanus 116
2. Campanella 119
3. Bruno 119
4. Vanini 137
5. Petrus Ramus 143
C. The Reformation 146